Context: Conflict & Confrontation
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Behaviors employed to signal hostility toward a perceived non-elephant threat.
Behaviors in this Context (32)
Adorn-Body
AmbivalentBirthForaging & Comfort TechniqueLone & Object PlaySocial Play
Body: Ears, Head, Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+1 more
Alarmed-Trumpet
Calf Reassurance & Protection
1b. Trunk callsBody: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Bow-Neck
AggressiveAttacking & MobbingSocial Play
Body: Head
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Displacement-Feeding
AggressiveAmbivalentCourtshipSocial PlayVigilance
Body: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+1 more
Displacement-Grooming
AggressiveAmbivalentCourtshipSocial PlayVigilance
3. Other soundsBody: Forefeet, Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+1 more
Ear-Folding
Advertisement & AttractionAffiliativeAggressiveAttacking & MobbingBirthCoalition BuildingSubmissive
Body: Ears
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+1 more
Ear-Secretion
Affiliative
Body: Ears
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Ear-Spreading
AggressiveAmbivalentAttacking & MobbingAttentiveCalf Reassurance & ProtectionSocial PlayVigilance
Body: Ears
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Ears-Stiff
Advertisement & AttractionAffiliativeAttentiveBirthCalf Nourishment & WeaningSocial PlayVigilance
Body: Ears
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Exaggerated-Walk
Attentive
Body: Body
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male
Foot-Scuffing
Advertisement & AttractionAggressiveAttacking & MobbingSocial Play
2. Other acoustic signalsBody: Forefeet
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male
Foot-Swinging
AmbivalentAttentiveMovement, Space & LeadershipVigilance
Body: Forefeet, Hindfeet
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+1 more
Forward-Trunk-Swing
AggressiveAttacking & MobbingSocial Play
Body: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Head-Dip
Social Play
Body: Head
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Head-Raising
Advertisement & AttractionAffiliativeCoalition BuildingCourtship
Body: Head
Adult femaleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent maleCalf+1 more
Head-Shaking
AffiliativeAggressiveAttentiveCalf Reassurance & ProtectionLone & Object PlaySocial PlaySubmissiveProtest & Distress
2. Other acoustic signalsBody: Head
Adult femaleJuvenile Adolescent female
Head-Swinging
Vigilance
Body: Ears, Head
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male
J-Trunk
Advertisement & AttractionAmbivalentAttacking & MobbingAttentiveVigilance
Body: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male
Kick-Dust
AggressiveAttacking & MobbingSocial Play
2. Other acoustic signalsBody: Forefeet
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Look-At
AggressiveAttentiveVigilance
Body: Eyes
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Orient-Toward
AffiliativeAggressiveCalf Reassurance & Protection
Body: Body
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Roaring-Rumble
Coalition Building
1a. Laryngeal callsBody: Ears, Head, Mouth, Trunk
Adult femaleJuvenile Adolescent female
Rumble
Advertisement & AttractionAffiliativeAggressiveAmbivalentAttacking & MobbingAttentiveAvoidanceBirthCalf Nourishment & WeaningCalf Reassurance & ProtectionCoalition BuildingCourtshipMovement, Space & LeadershipSubmissiveVigilanceProtest & Distress
Body: Mouth
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Sashay
AffiliativeAggressiveAttacking & MobbingSocial Play
3. Other soundsBody: Body
Adult femaleJuvenile Adolescent female
Scrape-Ground
BirthCalf Reassurance & ProtectionDeathForaging & Comfort TechniqueSocial Play
3. Other soundsBody: Forefeet
Adult female
Snort
AffiliativeAvoidanceSocial PlaySubmissive
1b. Trunk callsBody: Mouth, Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Snort-Trumpet
AffiliativeCalf Reassurance & ProtectionCoalition BuildingCourtship
Body: Trunk
Adult femaleJuvenile Adolescent female
Temporin
Advertisement & AttractionAffiliativeCoalition BuildingCourtshipSocial Play
Body: Temporal Glands
Adult femaleJuvenile Adolescent femaleCalf
Throw-Debris
AggressiveAttacking & MobbingLone & Object PlaySocial Play
Body: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Touch-Self
AffiliativeAmbivalentSocial PlayVigilance
Body: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more
Trumpet
Advertisement & AttractionAffiliativeAttacking & MobbingBirthCalf Reassurance & ProtectionCoalition BuildingLone & Object PlaySocial PlayProtest & Distress
1b. Trunk callsBody: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+1 more
Trunk-Toward
Advertisement & AttractionAttentiveBirthCalf Reassurance & ProtectionSubmissiveVigilance
Body: Trunk
Adult femaleAdult maleJuvenile Adolescent femaleJuvenile Adolescent male+2 more