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Behavior and/or Constellation
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Charge
Rushing or ‘Running’ toward another elephant predator or other adversary. Also occurs during play. Charges come in many ...
Charge-Kneel-Down
An individual Charging at another and then, when the elephant gets close to the object of its Charge, apparently, purpos...
Coalition
Adult females (or very rarely adult males) engaging in a highly coordinated action against another elephant, group of el...
Coalition-Calling
The Rumbling and Trumpeting by adult, adolescent and juvenile females that is associated with the building of a Coalitio...
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Mating-Pandemonium
A mated female’s relatives and companions joining her in calling and displaying following a mating. Females streaming wi...
Musth-Display
A constellation of behaviors that are typically displayed by males in musth to advertise their heightened sexual and agg...
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Play-Trumpet
A short (less than a second), high-pitched, high intensity Trumpet emitted by elephants engaged in spirited lone or Soci...
Protest-Trumpet
A Trumpet given in protest to some unpleasant or disturbing. It may often be given in association with Head-Shaking and ...
Pulsated-Trumpet
Longish trumpeting (~1-2 seconds in duration) that is expelled in a sequence of breathy pulses that are modulated in fre...
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Snort
A short (typically less than a second in duration), sharp, noisy, broadband sound produced by purposefully blowing air t...
Snort-Trumpet
A forceful expulsion of air through the trunk creating a short, sharp, noisy, broadband snort followed by a more tonal t...
Social-Trumpet
Trumpets occurring within the context of intense social interactions such as a Greeting-Ceremony, Mating-Pandemonium, Bi...
Squeal-Trumpet
When highly aroused such as during a Mating-Pandemonium, Bonding-Ceremony, or Greeting-Ceremony, elephants may produce h...
Squelch
Often repeated wrinkling or ‘scrunching’ up of the trunk and forcing air through it to produce a ‘squelching’ sound. App...
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Trump
A shortened form of a Trumpet may be heard during Social Play and is known as a Trump. References: Berg 1983. (Full refe...
Trumpet
A forceful expulsion of air through the trunk, creating a trumpeting sound. Trumpets come in several forms. Trumpets are...
Trumpet-Blast
A powerful, relatively long and seemingly sustained, Trumpet lasting 1-1.5 seconds in duration produced when an elephant...