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Behavior and/or Constellation
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Baroo-Rumble
A short (1.5-3 seconds in duration) loud, Open-Mouthed, highly modulated, and acoustically noisy ‘wooooaaaarrrrr' or ‘ba...
Begging-Rumble
A single or series of very soft, short (generally 1-2 seconds), tonal rumbles, characterized by an ‘rrrrmmmm’ sound of d...
Bonding-Ceremony
An exuberant display of behavior involving a constellation of vocal, chemical, tactile and visual communication that may...
Bonding-Rumble
Bonding-Rumble is a general term to refer to Rumbles that occur during Bonding-Ceremonies that have not been determined ...
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Cadenced-Rumble
Two or more related (usually adult) females engaging in a sequence of relatively flat, low-pitched, tonal rumbles of mod...
Call-Calf-Rumble
A short, unmodulated rumble given by a mother that has the immediate effect of calling a wandering calf back to her side...
Coalition
Adult females (or very rarely adult males) engaging in a highly coordinated action against another elephant, group of el...
Coalition-Calling
The Rumbling and Trumpeting by adult, adolescent and juvenile females that is associated with the building of a Coalitio...
Comment-Rumble
A soft, low-pitched, flat, tonal rumble of medium duration (~2.5-4 seconds) elicited by external events and associated w...
Contact-Rumble
Long (~4-6.5 second duration), typically powerful, throaty, Open-Mouthed, highly modulated rumbles that are associated w...
Coo-Rumble
A soft, flat, tonal rumble of medium duration (~2.5-4.5 seconds) and low pitch, given by adult or juvenile females in th...
Cry
A short (lasting less than half a second in duration) crying call given by an infant or calf under the age of five years...
Cry-Rumble
A combination call that consists of a short Cry followed by a Rumble without an inhalation. Cry-Rumbles are given by an ...
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End-Zone-Dance
Following a successful Coalition against an adversary or a predator (often people) when the opposition has been routed, ...
Escalated-Contest
A fight or prolonged battle that included bouts of Dueling. Escalated-Contests may be short-lived or may last over 6 hou...
Estrous-Roar
A relatively short (~1.5-3.5 seconds), noisy, pulsating Roaring call by an estrous female when pursued by a male. The Ro...
Estrous-Rumble
An estrous female calling with a distinctive long (~5-6 seconds), highly modulated, rolling rumble that she repeats at i...
Estrous-Running-Rumble
The Roar of an estrous female is often preceded by a series of short pulsated growling sounds as she Runs-Away from purs...
Estrous-Running-Rumble-Roar
An Estrous-Running-Rumble followed by an Estrous-Roar without inhalation is referred to as an Estrous-Running-Rumble-Roa...
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Greeting-Ceremony
During a Greeting-Ceremony members of a family or bond group may rush to meet one another while emitting loud, modulated...
Greeting-Rumble
An explosive burst of long (~5-7 seconds) powerful, throaty, highly modulated and overlapping rumbles when members of a ...
Grumble-Rumble
An undulating Rumble of medium duration (~1.5-3.5 seconds) with an audibly detectable and distinctive complaining or whi...
Grumble-Rumble-Cry-Grumble-Rumble
A Grumble-Rumble followed by a Cry and another Grumble-Rumble in the same exhalation. References: Poole 2011, Poole & G...
Guiding
An elephant vocalising or moving its body, legs, ears or trunk in a manner that appears to be intended to show, guide, h...
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High-Fiving
Two or more elephants coming together and, standing face to face, lifting and intertwining trunks above raised heads, an...
Husky-Cry
A short, hoarse or husky sounding call produced by a newborn elephant when distressed. Husky-Cries range from barely aud...
Husky-Cry-Roar-Rumble
A Husky-Cry followed by a Roar and a Rumble in one exhalation. References: Poole & Granli 2021. (Full reference list)...
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Mating-Pandemonium
A mated female’s relatives and companions joining her in calling and displaying following a mating. Females streaming wi...
Movement-Initiation
Engaging in behaviors that successfully initiate a group movement or collective action. Movement-Initiation is typically...
Musth-Display
A constellation of behaviors that are typically displayed by males in musth to advertise their heightened sexual and agg...
Musth-Rumble
A moderately long (~4-5 seconds in duration), very low frequency, distinctive rumble with a characteristically pulsating...
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Rev
A short (<1 second) tonal vocalization that is almost always followed by a rumble without an exhalation. Revs have a har...
Roar
A highly variable roaring, bellowing, screaming, shrieking, or squealing call typically lasting 1-2 seconds in duration....
Roar-Rumble
A combination call that starts with a Roar (see Roar) and is followed without inhalation by a Rumble (see Rumble). Refer...
Roaring-Rumble
Powerful, noisy, highly modulated rumbles (3-4 seconds in duration) may be heard when elephants are confronting a danger...
Rumble-Cry-Rumble
A combination call that consists of a Rumble followed by a Cry and a Rumble without an inhalation (see Cry). References:...
Rumble-Roar
A combination call that starts with a Rumble (see Rumble) and is followed without inhalation by a Roar (see Roar). Refer...
Rumble-Roar-Rumble
A combination call that consists of a Rumble followed by a Roar and then a Rumble without an inhalation (see Roar). Roar...