A medium-long slightly undulating Rumble produced by adult females when aggressively Advancing-Toward other elephants. The Rumble is associated with Ear-Folding, pronounced Ear-Flapping with audible Ear-Slaps, and is typically given toward adult females or teenage males from other families. A female seriously threatening another elephant stretches her head forward and outward in a Bow-Neck, as she Advances-Toward or Runs-After her opponent. The audible Ear-Slaps are often visible on the spectrogram.
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Geraldine Rumbles as she threatens Echo's family with an Advance-Toward, Ear-Folding and audible Ear-Slapping against the sides of her body. (Amboseli, Kenya)
