Powerful chorused Rumbling, Trumpeting and Roaring emitted by an oestrous female and her relatives and associates during and following a mating is collectively referred to as Mating-Pandemonium-Calling. Adult females, juveniles and calves may all participate, overlapping the distinctive Estrous-Rumbles of the mated female with powerful and variable Rumbles, Trumpets, and Roars. The rhythmic rising and falling of the Estrous-Rumbles stands out as distinctive, both audibly and structurally, against the calls of the other participants. Rumbles of the non-estrous females range from 3.5-5 seconds in duration and may include bimodal or multi-modal calls. The mated musth male typically contributes a Musth-Rumble to the cacophony.
