A combination call that starts with a Roar (see Roar) and is followed without inhalation by a Rumble (see Rumble).
References: Stoeger-Horwath et al 2007; Poole 2011 Pardo et al 2019. (Full reference list)
This behavioral constellation includes the following behaviors: Roar, Rumble and occurs in the following context(s): Advertisement & Attraction, Calf Nourishment & Weaning, Conflict & Confrontation, Courtship, Protest & Distress
Roar-Rumble
Context: Advertisement & Attraction (1)
Pascal is in musth and Qadija is in estrus (circled at the beginning). Pascal has been Guarding her all day. We have seen signs that they are about to Mate.
As this clip starts Pascal with a Penis-Erection Pursues Qadija who engages in an Estrous-Walk, Looking-Back. As Pascal gets closer she slows. With an Open-Mouth Pascal Reaches-Over and she Stands-to-Mate. Pascal Mounts her and appears to achieve intromission on the 7th thrust. Rumbling, a Snort-Rumble and a Roar-Rumble by other family members can be heard as the Mating-Pandemonium begins - based on what takes place later the Roar-Rumble is likely Quieroz. Qadija Kicks-Back at Pascal and other males gather around them reaching Trunk-Toward them. Pascal is Mounted for 25 seconds and Rumbling by family members continues.
As he dismounts Qadija rushes forward and gives an Estrous-Rumble which is answered by Pascal Musth-Rumbling and then another Estrous-Rumble by Qadija who then Head-Shakes and a Roar-Rumble by Queiroz. (Amboseli, Kenya)
Enid chases a group of lions with a Trumpet-Blast; the lions run away. Longer version. In this clip we hear a Rumble, a Trumpet-Blast overlapping Rumbles and then a Roar-Rumble.
(Amboseli, Kenya)
If you want to look at a spectrogram of this recording, .
A Roar-Rumble by an EA family calf who is attempting to Suckle, but the family is disturbed by the sounds of Maasai cows and children's voices and is moving away. (Amboseli, Kenya)
If you want to look at a spectrogram of this recording, .
Infant, Explorer, gives a Noisy-Roar-Rumble, after Eudora Pushed him away from her hours-old infant. Explorer's mother responds by coming out of the swamp, where she was feeding, to comfort him. (Amboseli, Kenya)
If you want to look at a spectrogram of this recording, .
In this Mating-Pandemonium the excited Rumbles, Social-Trumpets and Roar-Rumbles by associates of the mated female overlay her Estrous-Rumble sequence or song. The calls by the mated female are those that reach a rapid peak in frequency and are repeated rising and falling at fairly regular intervals. There are 5 combination calls. Due to the overlapping nature of the calls it is hard to be sure of the order but we believe the first is a Rumble-Roar and the rest are Roar-Rumbles. (Maasai Mara, Kenya)
If you want to look at a spectrogram of this recording, .
A visiting Kilimanjaro matriarch Tusks and Head-Swipes another elephant. A calf is in the way and I believe it is the calf who Roars. (Amboseli, Kenya)
If you want to look at a spectrogram of this recording, .
